High-speed electro-optic modulation in topological interface states of a one-dimensional lattice
a, 3D view of the modulator based on the topological interface state. Insets show the 1D topological lattice waveguide based on the hybrid SiN-LN platform. b, Measured electro-optic S21 responses with different detuning points. c, Measured eye diagram for the PAM4 signal at a data rate of 100 Gb/s. Credit: Yong Zhang, Jian Shen, Jingchi